2015年4月第2期（总第150期）
(双月刊)
目 次
挖槽回淤物粒度变化对航道回淤的影响………………………………刘红，黄志扬，丁健，林娜(1)
倒顺坝坝头绕流特性及其在航道整治中的应用……………………………钟亮，许光祥，何艳军(9)
辽河区极端暴雨特性及其天气成因分析………………………关铁生，姚惠明，许钦，姚望瀛(18)
基于ＳＷＡＳＨ模型的近岸波浪传播变形数值模拟…………………王良才，陈永平，胡玉植(26)
基于水文学与水力学方法的雅砻江水情预报模型…刘小龙，施勇，陈炼钢，栾震宇，虞美秀(33)
不同安装法对管桩桩周土影响的有限元分析……………………徐保照，李飒，夏玲晓，戴旭(38)
不同流量下环翼型防冲板结构优化试验………………………王祚，牟献友，李春江，田剑浩(44)
船舶进出闸室对系缆力的影响…………………………黄岳，宣国祥，徐进超，张陆陈，金英(50)
湖泊底泥絮凝沉降试验研究………………………………………………谢瑞，姬昌辉，王永平(55)
基于台风参数模型的江苏海域风暴增减水研究………………王仙美，翟剑峰，东培华，范飞(61)
防汛抢险训练场渗透破坏段设计方案试验分析………………………陆一忠，陈生水，米占宽(67)
基于拓扑优化方法的开挖边坡设计………………………………张宏伟，曹智，程玉竹，杨恒(73)
预吸水多孔钢渣对混凝土早期抗裂性能影响……………………………………………… 刘攀(79)
长江下游黑沙洲南水道演变特征分析……………………………………陈冬，陈一梅，黄召彪(84)
长江下游张南上浅区航道整治效果评价…………………………………………………… 刘涛(91)
某水利枢纽截流施工分析与对策…………………………………………………………… 席浩(99)
HYDRO-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(Bimonthly)
Apr. 2015 No.2 (Total No.150)
CONTENTS
Effect of waterway siltation by bed-material grain-size variation processes
…………………………………………………LIU Hong, HUANG Zhi-yang, DING Jian, LIN Na(1)
Circumfluence characteristics of reversing longitudinal dike head and its application to waterway regulation
………………………………………………………ZHONG Liang, XU Guang-xiang, HE Yan-jun(9)
Characteristics and weather causes of extreme rainstorms in Liaohe River region
…………………………………… GUAN Tie-sheng, YAO Hui-ming, XU Qin, YAO Wang-ying(18)
Numerical simulation of near-shore wave propagation and transformation based on a SWASH model
………………………………………………… WANG Liang-cai, CHEN Yong-ping, HU Yu-zhi(26)
A study of an extensive river forecasting model for Yalong River
………………………LIU Xiao-long, SHI Yong, CHEN Lian-gang, LUAN Zhen-yu, YU Mei-xiu(33)
Numerical simulation analysis of driving methods affecting soil around pipe pile
………………………………………………………XU Bao-zhao, LI Sa, XIA Ling-xiao, DAI Xu(38)
Experimental studies on structure optimization of ring-wing scour plates under different discharges
………………………………………WANG Zuo, MOU Xian-you, LI Chun-jiang, TIAN Jian-hao(44)
Analysis of mooring force influence given by larger ships passing through a shiplock
…………………… HUANG Yue, XUAN Guo-xiang, XU Jin-chao, ZHANG Lu-chen, JIN Ying(50)
Experimental studies of flocculaton settling of sediment from three lakes
…………………………………………………………XIE Rui, JI Chang-hui, WANG Yong-ping(55)
A study of storm surge in Jiangsu sea waters based on a typhoon parameter model
…………………………………… WANG Xian-mei, ZHAI Jian-feng, DONG Pei-hua, FAN Fei(61)
Design analysis of a seepage failure segment for the flood control training field of Jiangsu Province
………………………………………………… LU Yi-zhong, CHEN Sheng-shui, MI Zhan-kuan(67)
Slope design based on a topology optimization method
…………………………………… ZHANG Hong-wei, CAO Zhi, CHENG Yu-zhu, YANG Heng(73)
Analysis of influence of pre-soaked porous steel slag on early crack resistance of concrete……LIU Pan(79)
Evolution characteristics analysis of Heishazhou southern waterway of the lower Yangtze River
………………………………………………… CHEN Dong, CHEN Yi-mei, HUANG Zhao-biao(84)
Waterway regulation works evaluation for Zhangjiazhou south branch up-shoal area of the Changjiang River
…………………………………………………………………………………………… LIU Tao(91)
Analysis of river closure construction difficulties for a hydroproject…………………………XI Hao(99)
挖槽回淤物粒度变化对航道回淤的影响
刘红1,2， 黄志扬1， 丁健1， 林娜1
(1. 中交上海航道勘察设计研究院有限公司， 上海 200120； 2. 华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室， 上海 200062)
摘要：根据吕四海域地形、水文、泥沙和浅层柱状样观测资料的分析，研究航道浚深后回淤物的粒度变化过程及其对航道回淤的影响。研究表明，航道浚深后，航槽内底质呈明显粗化现象，底质中值粒径由浚前的0.045~0.071 mm增加至浚后的0.128~0.135 mm，0.005~0.062 mm的细颗粒组分由36.0%减小至8.9%，0.075~0.250 mm粗颗粒组分由37.9%增加至78.2%，疏浚船舶的水力分选是泥沙组分变化的主要因素。吕四海域航道泥沙回淤形式为悬沙沉降和底沙推移共同作用的结果，夏季7—8月试挖槽内回淤强度较大，回淤泥沙颗粒较细，冬季10—12月回淤强度较小，回淤泥沙颗粒较粗。根据粒度谱计算结果，正常天条件下悬沙沉降对航道回淤的贡献率约为15%，夏季贡献率高于冬季，大风天可增至30%~40%。回淤贡献率的计算方法可为类似工程的回淤研究提供借鉴和参考。
关键词：吕四海域； 试挖槽； 航道回淤； 悬沙沉降； 底质粗化； 粒度谱
Effect of waterway siltation by bed-material grain-size variation processes
LIU Hong1,2, HUANG Zhi-yang1, DING Jian1, LIN Na1
(1. Shanghai Waterway Engineering Design and Consulting Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120， China； 2. State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062,China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： Based on topography, hydrology, tidal current, bed sediment and core data collected at the Lvsi sea area, an analysis of the bed-material grain-size variation processes and its effect of the waterway siltation is carried out. The results show that the bed-material armoring is shown at the Lvsi trial dredged channel after the waterway dredging. The median diameter of the bed-material is 0.045~0.071 mm before dredging, which increases to 0.128~0.135 mm after dredging. The sediment component between 0.005 mm and 0.062 mm decreases from 36.0% to 8.9%, and that between 0.075 and 0.250 mm increases from 37.9% to 78.2% by comparison with before and after dredging. The main course of the sediment composition change is the hydraulic sorting by the dredging. The silting forms combining with the suspended sediment deposition and bed load transport is a mechanism of the Lvsi waterway siltation. The siltation intensity of the trial dredged channel is great during the period from July to August in summer, and it is small during the period from November to December in winter. Furthermore, the medium diameter of the bed-material has become finer in summer and coarser in winter. The results of grain size spectral calculation show that the contribution rate of the suspended sediment deposition on the waterway siltation is about 15% in the normal condition, and the contribution rate in summer is higher than that in winter. However, this rate can be increased to 30%~40% in the windy condition. The calculation method of the contribution rate provides a reference for the siltation studies of the similar works in the future.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： Lvsi sea area; trial dredged channel; waterway siltation; suspended sediment deposition; bed-material armoring; grain size spectral
倒顺坝坝头绕流特性及其在航道整治中的应用
钟亮1,2, 许光祥1,2, 何艳军3
(1. 重庆交通大学 国家内河航道整治工程技术研究中心， 重庆 400074； 2. 重庆交通大学 水利水运工程教育部重点实验室， 重庆 400074； 3. 长江重庆航运工程勘察设计院， 重庆 401147)
摘要：倒顺坝是山区河流航道整治中较为常用的一种建筑物，其坝头绕流特性对航道通航水流条件影响明显。应用平面二维水流数学模型研究了倒顺坝坝头绕流特性，获得了绕流区长度、宽度及转点合流速随倒顺坝几何参数及来流条件的变化规律，建立了相应的计算式，并将其应用于长江猪儿碛浅滩航道整治方案设计中。为此，探讨了猪儿碛浅滩的碍航特性和滩险成因，提出了整治方案。对方案整治效果的分析表明，方案实施后航道尺度满足设计要求，流速增值及消滩判数均符合设计预期目标，航槽内流态较好，无回流、斜流和横流等碍航流态，说明本文建立的倒顺坝绕流特性参数计算式可为航道整治方案设计提供较好的技术支撑。
关键词：倒顺坝； 绕流特性； 浅滩； 航道整治； 数值模拟
Circumfluence characteristics of reversing longitudinal dike head and
its application to waterway regulation
ZHONG Liang1,2, XU Guang-xiang1,2, HE Yan-jun3
(1. National Engineering Research Center for Inland Waterway Regulation, Chongqing Jiaotong University， Chongqing 400074， China； 2. Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Jiaotong University， Chongqing 400074， China； 3. Changjiang Chongqing Harbour and Waterway Engineering Investigation and Design Institute， Chongqing 401147， China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： The reversing longitudinal dike is widely applied to the mountainous waterway regulation works, and the circumfluence characteristics near the reversing longitudinal dike head have great influence on navigation flow conditions. In this paper, the circumfluence characteristics near the reversing longitudinal dike head are discussed with the adoption of a 2-D flow mathematical model； the circumfluence parameters, such as the length and width of circumfluence area and the flow velocity at the turning point, are obtained; and the relationships between the circumfluence parameters, the geometry parameters of the reversing longitudinal dike and the inlet flow conditions are established including the corresponding calculation formulas. The calculated results are applied to the regulation scheme design for the Zhuerqi shallow shoal in the Yangtze River. The navigation hindering characteristics and the formation causes of the Zhuerqi shallow shoal are discussed, and the regulation schemes are proposed. Analysis of the simulated regulation schemes shows that after implementation of the regulation works, the channel scales meet the design requirements, the increasing in flow velocity and hydraulic index are in line with the expected design targets, the flow pattern in the channel is good, and there are no navigation hindering flow such as the backflow, oblique flow and cross flow, which indicates that the calculation formulas for the circumfluence characteristic parameters developed in this paper can provide an effective technical support for the regulation scheme design in the future.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： reversing longitudinal dike；circumfluence characteristics；shallow shoal；waterway regulation; numerical simulation
辽河区极端暴雨特性及其天气成因分析
关铁生1,2, 姚惠明1,2, 许 钦1,2, 姚望瀛3
(1. 南京水利科学研究院 水文水资源与水利工程科学国家重点实验室， 江苏 南京 210029； 2. 水利部应对气候变化研究中心， 江苏 南京 210029； 3. 江苏南水科技有限公司， 江苏 南京 210012)
摘要：根据辽河区实测和调查年最大点暴雨资料与气象资料，分析了极端暴雨的区域特征以及形成极端暴雨的天气成因，揭示了极端暴雨的基本规律。研究表明，辽河区大部分地区年最大24 h暴雨占3 d暴雨的70％以上；暴雨92.1％集中在7—8月，极端暴雨68.1％高度集中在7月下旬至8月上旬；极端暴雨集中分布在黑山山脉、千山山脉迎风山区、鸭绿江山地丘陵区、辽浑太地区；极端暴雨的年际变率大；极端暴雨以中高纬度“东高西低”、“两高一低”、“波状流”、“经向高压坝”，中低纬度副热带高压稳定至最高纬度为高空环流形势背景，暴雨天气系统主要有北方气旋、高空槽、单一冷锋、切变线、锢囚锋、高空低涡、东北冷涡、半热带半温带气旋等，通过中纬度西风槽东移、副热带高压北上、低纬度热带气旋北进等天气系统以及山丘区的地形抬升作用共同造成。
关键词：极端暴雨； 天气成因； 辽河区
Characteristics and weather causes of extreme rainstorms in Liaohe River region
GUAN Tie-sheng1,2, YAO Hui-ming1,2, XU Qin1,2, YAO Wang-ying3
(1. State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering Science, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China; 2. Research Center for Climate Change of Ministry of Water Resources, Nanjing 210029, China; 3. Jiangsu Naiwch Corporation, Nanjing 210012,China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： Based on the observed and investigated annual maximum point rainstorms data and meteorological data in the Liaohe River region, the regional characteristics and weather causes of annual extreme point rainstorms are analyzed, and the fundamental rules of the extreme rainstorms occurrence are revealed. The analysis results show that the amount of the annual maximum 24 h point rainstorms accounts for more than 70% of 3 d point rainstorm quantity in most areas of the Liaohe River region. Futhermore, 92.1% of the rainstorms occurs in July and Autumn, and 68.1% of the extreme rainstorms appears between late July and early Autumn. The spatial distribution of the extreme rainstorms is concentrated on the windward slope of Qianshan and Heishan Mountains and the hilly area of the Yalujiang River basin, as well as the Liao-Hun-Tai River region. The interannual variations of the extreme rainstorms are evident. The extreme rainstorms in the middle and high latitude of East Asia are characterized by “East high, West low”, “two high one low”, “wavy airflow”, and “warp direction high dam”, and in the middle and low latitude of East Asia by subtropical anticyclone stability, and in the highest latitude by upper air circulation situation as the background. The main rainstorm weather system has cyclones from the north, upper trough, single cold front, shear line, occluded front, upper vortex, cold vortex from northeast, semi tropical and semi temperate cyclone. The rainstorms usually happen under the combined action of the weather systems, such as middle-latitude westerly trough, subtropical high and tropical cyclones, and topographical uplift of the windward mountain.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： extreme rainstorms； weather cause； Liaohe River region
基于SWASH模型的近岸波浪传播变形数值模拟
王良才1,2, 陈永平1,2, 胡玉植1,2
(1. 河海大学 水文水资源与水利工程科学国家重点实验室， 江苏 南京 210098； 2. 河海大学 港口海岸与近海工程学院， 江苏 南京 210098)
摘要：SWASH模型是一种新型的非静压时域波浪模拟。为了探讨SWASH模型对于解决近岸波浪传播变形问题的适用性，在对其控制方程、边界条件、数值解法等进行介绍的基础上，采用该模型分别模拟了正向规则波、斜向规则波和斜向不规则波入射条件下L形防波堤附近水域的波浪场和波生流场，并与物理试验结果进行对比。结果表明，SWASH模型较好地复演了波浪在近岸区域所发生的浅水变形、折射、破碎，以及堤前反射、堤内绕射等物理现象，波高沿断面的定量分布与试验结果吻合良好，同时较好地模拟了不同波况下防波堤附近水域的波生流场，说明该模型适用于复杂岸线和地形条件下波浪传播变形的数值模拟。
关键词：L形防波堤； SWASH模型； 近岸波浪； 波生流； 波浪传播； 波浪变形
Numerical simulation of near-shore wave propagation and transformation based on a SWASH model
WANG Liang-cai1,2, CHEN Yong-ping1,2, HU Yu-zhi1,2
(1. State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China； 2. College of Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University， Nanjing 210098, China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： In recent years, a new type of phase-resolving wave model, SWASH, based on the non-hydrostatic shallow water equation, was developed to simulate the near-shore wave propagation and transformation. In order to examine the accuracy and robustness of the SWASH model, subsequent to the introduction of its governing equations, boundary conditions and numerical schemes, it is applied to simulate the propagation and transformation of normal regular waves, oblique regular waves or oblique random waves passing along a L-shaped breakwater, and the simulated results are compared with the experimental data. Analysis results show that the near-shore wave processes, such as wave shoaling, refraction, wave breaking, and reflection in front of the breakwater, wave diffraction behind the breakwater, and the wave-induced circulation flow around the L-shaped breakwater, are all well simulated. The numerical simulation results agree well with the experimental data, which indicates that the SWASH model can be used to simulate the wave propagation and transformation in the near-shore area having a complex topography.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： L-shaped breakwater; a SWASH model; near-shore waves; wave-induced current; wave propagation; wave transformation
基于水文学与水力学方法的雅砻江水情预报模型
刘小龙1,2， 施勇2， 陈炼钢2， 栾震宇2， 虞美秀1,2
(1. 河海大学 水文水资源学院， 江苏 南京 210098； 2. 南京水利科学研究院， 江苏 南京 210029)
摘要：以雅砻江官地水库至河口为对象，建立一个基于水文学与水力学方法相耦合的水情预报模型。其中，官地水库出流作为模型入流边界，官地水库至二滩水库河道汇流采用马斯京根河道演算法模拟；官地水库至二滩水库区间入流采用基于栅格的新安江模型模拟，以使模拟结果具有一定的预见期；二滩水库按水库调度规则计算水库出流；二滩水库至河口对完全圣维南方程组采用一维非恒定流隐式差分求解，模拟出沿河道任意断面水情过程,从而使具有预见期的水文预报成果沿河道方向得到了延伸，实现了对二滩水库至河口段水情的精准预报和过程控制。采用2007—2009年日系列资料对模型进行严格的率定与验证后发现，小得石站最高水位的绝对误差均小于0.3 m，桐子林站最大流量的相对误差均小于10%，日模拟的确定性系数均高于0.989，高精度的模拟结果证实了模型的合理性和有效性。
关键词：水情预报； 新安江模型； 非恒定流； 雅砻江
A study of an extensive river forecasting model for Yalong River
LIU Xiao-long1,2, SHI Yong2, CHEN Lian-gang2, LUAN Zhen-yu2, YU Mei-xiu1,2
(1. College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098,China; 2. Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029,China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： River forecasting and tracking is one of key technologies for developing waternet to prompt water utilization efficiency. Taking the region of Guandi reservoir-Ertan reservoir-estuary in the Yalong River basin as a case study site, the authors try to establish a river forecasting model based on the hydrological-hydraulic methods to forecast the water regime on the scales of time and space. In the model constructions, taking outflow of Guandi reservoir as inflow of the region, the Guandi-Ertan reservoir model uses the Muskingum method to route in the river channel and adopts the Xinanjiang model (XAJ model) based on the use of a digital elevation model (DEM) to make the model have a certain foreseeable period; for Ertan reservoir, the authors use its operation rules to get the outflow; and for the channel, from Ertan reservoir to estuary, one-dimension unsteady flow implicit difference scheme solution is adopted to simulate the absolute Saint Venant equations and obtain the hydrological processes of any cross-section along the river channel. So that, the hydrological forecasting results with a certain leading time have been extended on any cross-section of the river channel, and accurate forecasting and process controlling have been realized for the channel from the Ertan reservoir to estuary. The model is calibrated and validated strictly based on the daily hydrological data series from 2007 to 2009. The analysis results of this study show that the model performed very well with the absolute water level error of the Xiaodeshi station less than 0.30 m, the relative error of daily flow obtained from the Tongzilin station less than 10%, and a coefficient of determination higher than 0.989. The findings from this research could provide an essential technical support for the construction of a digital Yalong River, and be used as a valuable technical and methodological reference for real-time regulating and process controlling of multi-water resources of the internet of water.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： river regime forecasting; Xinanjiang model; unsteady flow; Yalong River
不同安装法对管桩桩周土影响的有限元分析
徐保照1, 李飒1， 夏玲晓2， 戴旭1
(1. 天津大学 建筑工程学院， 天津 300072； 2. 天津中房建设有限公司， 天津 300000)
摘要：利用有限元方法模拟钢管桩的贯入过程，研究贯入过程中桩周不同深度土体的应力变化过程。管桩贯入土体这一过程为高度非线性问题，通用的接触和网格划分方法难以解决大变形问题，通过采用ALE网格划分技术以及“zipper-type”方法解决了管桩贯入过程中的大变形和接触问题，运用ABAQUS模拟了直径2.134 m的钢管桩采用静压和锤击两种方法的安装过程。根据贯入过程中桩壁内外土体应力变化可知，静压贯入过程中管内土水平应力明显高于管外土体的水平应力，更容易形成土塞，挤土效应也比较明显。通过对桩周土体中某点在安装过程中应力变化历程的分析，可以看到锤击安装方式在桩周土中造成应力增加的数值较大，对周围土体影响范围也较大，在评估桩基承载力时，应适当考虑这种影响。
关键词：有限元法； 大变形； 开口管桩； 静压； 锤击； 贯入过程； 应力变化
Numerical simulation analysis of driving methods affecting soil around pipe pile
XU Bao-zhao1, LI Sa1, XIA Ling-xiao2, DAI Xu1
(1. School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China； 2. Tianjin Housing Construction Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300000, China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： The finite element method (FEM) is used to simulate the penetration process of a pipe pile and the stress of the soil mass around the pile changing with depth is simulated and analysed. Pile driving is a highly nonlinear process and large deformation problems can hardly be solved by a common method by contacting and meshing. Those problems can be solved by ALE meshing technology and a “zipper-type”method. In this paper, the penetration process of an open-ended pipe pile with diameter of 2.134 m into clay soil is investigated by ABAQUS. And the following installation methods are considered: pile jacking and impact driving. The horizontal stress of the soil mass inside the pipe pile is higher than that of the soil mass outside according to the soil stress inside and outside the pile changing with the depth in the pile penetration process. So, soil plugging appears in the pile jacking more easily than that in the impact driving and squeezing effect is relatively obvious. By analyzing the stress changing with time at some points in the soil mass around the pipe pile during the driving, the increase of the stress of the soil mass around the impact pile is lager than that in the pile jacking, and so is the sphere of influence in the soil mass around the pipe pile. Therefere, this effect should be taken into consideration to evaluate the bearing capacity of the pipe pile.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： finite element method; large deformation; open-ended piles; pile jacking; impact driving; penetration process; changes in stress
不同流量下环翼型防冲板结构优化试验
王祚, 牟献友, 李春江, 田剑浩
（内蒙古农业大学 水利与土木建筑工程学院， 内蒙古 呼和浩特 010018）
摘要：为了研究不同流量条件下桥墩局部冲刷问题，在单片挡板基础上，增加防冲板数量形成了多级防冲结构。利用多元统计方法对防冲效果进行了主成分分析，认为最大冲坑深度最能体现试验效果，并以最大冲坑深度为指标进行试验分析。试验结果表明：在流量为75 m3/h时，增加防冲板数量并不能有效提升防冲效果；当流量增加到115 m3/h时，通过增加防冲板数量可在一定程度上提高桥墩的防冲能力，并且防冲效果随着防冲板间距的减小而增强，同时随着防冲板外径的增大而增强。但三级防冲板与二级防冲板防冲效果非常相近，第三级挡板对试验的结果影响甚微。因此，试验分析认为，在考虑不同流量条件下，环翼型防冲板最优防冲结构为两片防冲板，且防冲板外径为180 mm，间距取值为15 mm。
关键词：桥墩； 局部冲刷； 流量； 防冲指标； 主成分分析； 多级防冲结构
Experimental studies on structure optimization of ring-wing scour plates under different discharges
WANG Zuo, MOU Xian-you, LI Chun-jiang, TIAN Jian-hao
(College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018,China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： To carry out studies of the local scour around the bridge piers under different discharges, a multi-level structure is formed by increasing anti-scouring plates in addition to a single anti-scouring plate. A principal component analysis is made of anti-scouring indexes by multivariate statistical methods. It has proved the maximum pit depths have a great reflection of experiment results. In addition, the experiment results are analysed using the maximum pit depths. The analysis results show that the anti-scouring effect can′t be improved by increasing the anti-scouring plates at 75 m3/h, but it can be increased at 115 m3/h. Besides, the anti-scouring effect increases with decrease of the spacings between the anti-scouring plates, and enhances with increase of the outer diameters of the anti-scouring plates. However, the anti-scouring effect of three-level anti-scouring plates is similar to that of the two-level anti-scouring plates. The third-level anti-scouring plate has little effect on the experiment results. Therefore, under the conditions of different discharges, the optimal structure of the ring-wing anti-scouring plates will be two slices of the anti-scouring plates. The outer diameter of the anti-scouring plates is 180 mm, and the spacing between the anti-scouring plates is 15 mm.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： bridge piers; local scour; different discharge; anti-scouring indexes; principal component analysis; multi-level anti-scouring structure
船舶进出闸室对系缆力的影响
黄岳， 宣国祥， 徐进超， 张陆陈， 金英
(南京水利科学研究院 通航建筑物建设技术交通行业重点实验室， 江苏 南京 210029)
摘要：船舶进、出闸室时，船行波在闸室内引起较大水面波动，造成闸室内系缆船舶的系缆力增大，影响闸室内的船舶停泊安全；大型船舶进、出闸室时，产生的船形波作用更强，对系缆船舶的系缆力影响更大。通过1:36.3三峡船闸的物理模型和相同比尺5 000 t级典型大型船舶模型，采用系列物理模型试验，对船舶进出船闸时闸室内系缆船舶的系缆力进行了研究。研究结果表明，闸室内有系缆船舶时，船舶进、出闸的航行速度对系缆船舶的系缆力影响很大，进、出闸速度越快，其系缆力也越大。三峡船闸中，当水深5.5 m，闸室内有系缆船舶，大型船舶偏航进、出闸室时，为保证船舶停泊安全，航行船舶的进、出闸速度宜小于0.5 m/s。
关键词：船闸； 大型船舶； 船行波； 系缆力； 模型试验
Analysis of mooring force influence given by larger ships passing through a shiplock
HUANG Yue, XUAN Guo-xiang, XU Jin-chao, ZHANG Lu-chen, JIN Ying
(Key Laboratory of Navigation Structures Construction Technology of Ministry of Transport, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029,China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： The ship wave caused by ships exiting from or entering the shiplock would enlarge the mooring force of berthed ships in the shiplock and be harmful for the mooring safety. Large-size ships entering or exiting from the shiplock may cause greater ship-induced waves and give remarkable influences upon the berthed ships. So to study the mooring force of the berthed ships caused by moving ships is necessary and important. The mooring force of the large-size ships in the Three Gorges shiplock is studied by conducting a physical model test of the shiplock, of which the scale is 1:36.3. A 5 000 t class ship model is used for the tests. The analysis results show that the ship speed gives a great influence on the mooring force. And if the water depth in the shiplock is 5.5 m, the slip speed exceeds 0.5 m/s, and the mooring force on typical berthed ship may exceed the standard value specified by the codes. When the water depth in the Three Gorges shiplock is 5.5 m, and the ship is berthed in the shiplock, the speed of other ships entering or exiting from the shiplock should be lower than 0.5 m/s for the safety.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： shiplock; large vessels; ship-induced wave; mooring force; model test
湖泊底泥絮凝沉降试验研究
谢瑞, 姬昌辉, 王永平
（南京水利科学研究院 水文水资源与水利工程科学国家重点实验室， 江苏 南京 210029）
摘要：湖泊底泥的运动过程产生了内源污染，加剧了湖泊生态环境的恶化。研究湖泊底泥在风浪作用下悬浮后再沉降的运移规律，可为了解湖泊水质变化成因以及开展生态环境治理提供技术支持。本课题采用有机玻璃制作的沉降桶，在静水条件下对太湖、龙感湖、巢湖的底泥进行了沉降试验，研究3个湖泊的水体在不同初始含沙浓度和不同水深条件下含沙浓度的变化，分析了3个湖泊淤泥的沉降规律，近似代表天然湖泊的底泥运动状态。试验研究表明3个湖泊水体中悬浮泥沙的沉降均为絮凝沉降，其沉降过程和沉速与单颗粒泥沙相比均发生了量和质的变化，悬浮泥沙絮凝平均沉速随沉距、含沙浓度的增大而增大。最后得出3个湖泊底泥的沉降速度，其研究结果可为采用絮凝沉降法改善水质环境提供参考依据。
关键词：湖泊底泥； 含沙浓度； 沉速； 絮凝； 沉降试验
Experimental studies of flocculaton settling of sediment from three lakes
XIE Rui, JI Chang-hui, WANG Yong-ping
(State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering， Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute， Nanjing 210029, China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： Autogenic pollution sources coming from lake sediment motion process aggravate ecological environment deterioration of lakes. A study of settlement law of lake sediment after suspension by the action of water wave provides a reference for understanding causes of water quality change and ecological environment governance of lakes. Settlement experiments of sediment from the Taihu Lake, Longgan Lake and Caohu Lake under hydrostatic conditions were performed in an organic glass cylinder. The changes in sediment concentrations under the conditions of different initial sediment concentrations and different water depths have been studied, and the laws of the sediment settlement of three lakes have been analyzed, which can approximately represent the dynamic state of the lakes sediment. The analysis results show that the settlement of sediment from three lakes is charactorized by the flocculating settling, and that the settlement process and velocities have quantitative changes and fundamental changes comparing with a single particle sediment. The average flocculating settling velocities increase with the increment of settling height and sediment concentration. The flocculating settling velocities of the sediment from three lakes have been obtained. The experiment results can give a good basis for improving water quality by the flocculation settling method.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： lake sediment; sediment concentration; settling velocity; flocculation; experiment on settlement
基于台风参数模型的江苏海域风暴增减水研究
王仙美， 翟剑峰， 东培华， 范飞
(江苏省水运工程技术研究中心， 江苏省交通规划设计院股份有限公司， 江苏 南京 210014)
摘要：以正面袭击江苏的“达维”台风为例，运用台风参数模型、第三代波浪模型和基于浅水方程水动力模型对台风期间江苏沿海的风暴增减水进行模拟研究。首先，运用Je氏台风参数模型模拟了台风的梯度风场，并与NECP再分析风场数据对“达维”台风场进行合成，与观测值进行比较，拟合结果良好；然后，以模拟的台风风场为驱动，模拟台风经过期间江苏海域的波浪场，同时计算台风期间江苏海域的天文潮；最后，运用浅水方程计算江苏海域的增减水，并研究了沿海增减水分布情况。研究结果表明：灌河口附近最大风暴增水达1.9 m左右，由于台风中心位置的影响，江苏沿海最大增水从北往南呈先增大后递减的趋势。
关键词：台风参数模型; 风暴潮； 增减水; 江苏海域
A study of storm surge in Jiangsu sea waters based on a typhoon parameter model
WANG Xian-mei, ZHAI Jian-feng, DONG Pei-hua, FAN Fei
(Aquatic Transportation Center of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Province Communications Planning and Design Institute Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210014, China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Taking the typhoon “Damrey” hitting land of Jiangsu Province as a case history， based on a typhoon parameter model, the third generation wave model and a hydrodynamic mode1 on the basis of a shallow water equation, simulation study of the storm surge in Jiangsu sea waters is carried out in this paper. The typhoon landed on Lianyungang waters of Jiangsu sea waters. Firstly, the gradient wind filed of the typhoon “Damrey” was computed by a Jele wind parameters model, then the NECP ambient wind field and gradient wind field are compounded, and the typhoon “Damrey” field was formed. Model analysis indicates that there are good fitting results between the simulated values and the measured values of the typhoon data. And then, the wave parameters of Jiangsu sea waters during typhoon have been calculated by a wave model, which was driven by the typhoon wind field. At the same time, the tidal current of Jiangsu sea waters during typhoon was simulated with a shallow water equation. Last, a study of the water level fluctuation of storm surge induced by the typhoon “Damrey” in Jiangsu sea waters has been carried out. The analysis results show that the largest storm surge occurred on Guanhe River estuary during the tyohoon, which is up to 1.9 m. The largest surge of the observation point of Jiangsu sea waters increases before decrease in the storm surge from north to south Jiangsu Province, due to the impacts given by the typhoon centre.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： a typhoon parameter model； storm surge； water level fluctuation of storm surge; Jiangsu sea waters
防汛抢险训练场渗透破坏段设计方案试验分析
陆一忠1， 陈生水2， 米占宽2
(1. 江苏省防汛防旱指挥部办公室， 江苏 南京 210029； 2. 南京水利科学研究院， 江苏 南京 210029)
摘要：建设仿真性的防汛抢险训练场，提供有实战氛围的防汛抢险演练环境，在国内外尚属首次。为支撑江苏省防汛抢险训练场渗透破坏段方案设计，基于土体渗透破坏的基本理论并考虑到防汛演练的实际需求，首先确定用于堤坝填筑土料的料源，并对此进行了物理力学特性试验研究，根据粒径分布曲线推求非饱和渗流分析参数。然后开展两种不同比尺的水工模型渗透破坏试验，并与数值计算结果进行对比，验证数值分析的可靠性和合理性。最后对演练模型进行数值分析，根据上述试验和数值分析结果对设计方案提出相应的建议。上述设计方案基于均质土，实际填筑过程中土料的不均匀性较大，其合理性尚有待于实际工程的进一步验证。
关键词：防汛抢险训练场； 渗透破坏； 水工模型； 数值分析
Design analysis of a seepage failure segment for the flood control training field of Jiangsu Province
LU Yi-zhong1, CHEN Sheng-shui2, MI Zhan-kuan2
(1. Office of Flood Control and Drought Prevention Headquarters of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210029, China; 2. Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029,China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： The construction of a flood control training field to provide a real drill ground for simulating flood control environment is the first at home and abroad. In order to support the design analysis of a seepage failure segment for the flood control training field of Jiangsu Province, based on the basic theory of soil seepage failure and taking into account the actual needs of the flood control training, the filling material of the embankment is determined firstly. The physical and mechanical property tests are conduted, and then the unsaturated seepage analysis parameters are estimated from the grading curves. Two different scale models for the seepage failure are established, and the model test results are compared with the numerical calculation results to verify the reliability of the numerical analysis. Finally, the seepage numerical analysis of the practice model is performed. According to the above experimental and numerical analysis results, the corresponding conclusions and recommendations are put forward for the design scheme. The suggested design scheme is based on the homogeneous soil, and its rationality remains to be further verified in the actual projects because the inhomogeneity of the actual filling material is larger.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： flood control training field; seepage failure; a hydraulic model; numerical analysis
基于拓扑优化方法的开挖边坡设计
张宏伟， 曹智， 程玉竹， 杨恒
(重庆交通大学 水利水运工程教育部重点实验室， 重庆 400074)
摘要：提出了应用拓扑优化方法设计边坡的方法，并运用基于刚度的拓扑优化方法对一开挖边坡进行优化设计，分析了边坡优化过程中材料密度的变化以及应变能随优化区体积的变化规律，对比分析了边坡拓扑优化设计前后的应变能与水平位移。通过强度折减法计算分析了传统开挖边坡设计与拓扑优化设计边坡的稳定性。边坡拓扑优化设计沿原坡面进行删减单元，未出现空洞现象。优化后的坡体趋于三角形，应变能最大值减小，横向位移分布较为均匀，可以认为使用拓扑优化方法对开挖边坡进行优化是可行的。在坡顶荷载作用下，边坡坡比随高程而变，且上部坡比较小。拓扑优化设计的边坡在开挖区域内以及整个设计土坡的安全系数与在开挖同样体积下传统边坡设计的安全系数相差较小，拓扑优化设计的开挖边坡滑弧较不明显，并且拓扑优化方法在边坡设计时较好地考虑了边坡的土体材料特性及边坡的应变能。
关键词：边坡设计； 拓扑优化； 开挖边坡； 强度折减法； 应变能
Slope design based on a topology optimization method
ZHANG Hong-wei, CAO Zhi, CHENG Yu-zhu, YANG Heng
(Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074， China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： A topology optimization method for designing the excavation slope is put forward, and topology optimization method based on the stiffness in the optimization module of Abaqus has been used to optimally design an excavation slope. The change in the material density and the strain energy changing with the optimization of volume is analyzed in the process of topology optimization. The strain energy and horizontal displacement of the slope before and after topology optimization design are compared and analyzed. And the stability of the conventional method and the topology optimization method for designing the excavation slope is analyzed by the strength reduction method. The topology optimization method for designing the excavation slope reduces element along with the original slope and the optimization area of the slope has no phenomenon of cavitation. The slope after topology optimization tends to be triangle and lateral displacement distribution becomes uniform, so the topology optimization method for designing the excavation slope is feasible. The slope ratio is changing, and the upper slope ratio is smaller. The safety factor of the optimizing area and the slope designed by the topology optimization is equal to the safety factor for the slope designed by the conventional method in the excavation under the same volume. The sliding arc of the excavation slope designed by the topology optimization is less obvious than that of the slope designed by the conventional method. The topology optimization method for designing the excavation slope can well consider the material properties of the slope soil and the strain energy of the slope in the design.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： slope design; topology optimization; excavation slope; strength reduction method; strain energy
预吸水多孔钢渣对混凝土早期抗裂性能影响
刘攀
(新疆水利水电勘测设计研究院， 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000)
摘要：混凝土的早期抗裂问题是当前国内外研究的热点之一。为了探究多孔钢渣对混凝土抗压强度和早期抗裂性能的影响，采用预吸水多孔钢渣等量部分替代混凝土中粗集料配制钢渣混凝土，并用刀口法研究不同水灰比和不同钢渣掺量对混凝土早期抗裂性能的影响规律。研究发现：掺加预吸水多孔钢渣混凝土7 d和28 d的抗压强度明显优于对照组，并且仅从抗压强度角度判断，钢渣在混凝土中存在最优掺量；掺加预吸水多孔钢渣后，混凝土裂缝初裂时间后移，裂缝最大宽度、单位面积上总开裂面积明显缩小，早期抗裂性能增强。从内养护角度分析，多孔钢渣能够改善混凝土内部相对湿度，从而抑制了混凝土早期收缩，有助于提高混凝土早期抗裂性能。
关键词：多孔钢渣; 混凝土; 刀口法; 早期抗裂性能
Analysis of influence of pre-soaked porous steel slag on early crack resistance of concrete
LIU Pan
(Xinjiang Survey and Design Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower, Urumqi 830000,China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： The early cracking in concrete is one of the hot spots of current researches at home and abroad. In this study, in order to explore the influence of the pre-soaked porous steel slag on the early crack resistance of concrete, we mixed the pre-soaked porous steel slag into concrete, replaced part of the coarse aggregate amount and used the knife-edge method to study the early crack resistance of concrete. The test content is mainly divided into two parts, the strength tests and the early crack resistance tests. The analysis results show that 7 d and 28 d compressive strengths of the steel slag concrete are superior to the control group, and only judging by the compressive strength, there is the optimal dosage of the porous steel slag in concrete. After adding the pre-absorbent porous slag to concrete, it causes a delay in the initial cracking of concrete, the maximum crack width and total crack area on per unit area are significantly reduced, and the early cracking resistance of concrete is enhanced significantly. From the point of view of internal curing, analysis results show that the porous steel slag can improve the internal relative humidity of concrete, thus inhibiting the shrinkage of concrete at the early age, and be favorable for the improvement of the early cracking resistance of concrete.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： porous steel slag; concrete; knifeedge method; early crack resistance
长江下游黑沙洲南水道演变特征分析
陈冬， 陈一梅， 黄召彪
(东南大学 交通学院， 江苏 南京 210096)
摘要：针对三峡水库蓄水及整治工程后长江下游分汊河段的演变问题，收集了黑沙洲水道1960—2005年的实测分流、分沙比和2004—2012年共31个测次的地形图，应用HEC-RAS模型分析了黑沙洲水道整治工程前后分流比的变化，应用地理信息系统（GIS）和数字高程模型（DEM）分析了整治工程前后南水道浅滩面积、体积及位置的变化。研究分析表明：三峡水库蓄水后的2004—2009年，黑沙洲南水道的浅滩总体表现为冲刷，但在年内仍然保持着“洪淤枯冲”的基本冲淤特性；2009年整治工程部分改善了南水道的航行条件，但整治工程中潜坝的设置减小了南水道中枯水期分流比，不利于中枯水期南水道的冲刷，整治工程后南水道的浅滩演变呈淤积趋势。本项研究成果可为航道维护和整治工程设计提供借鉴参考。
关键词： HEC-RAS模型； 数字高程模型； 分流分沙比； 河床演变； 整治工程
Evolution characteristics analysis of Heishazhou southern-waterway of the lower Yangtze River
CHEN Dong, CHEN Yi-mei, HUANG Zhao-biao
(Transportation College, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096,China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： In order to study the riverbed evolution characteristics and trends of the braided waterway downstream of the Yangtze River after impoundment of the Three Gorges hydroproject and construction of the regulation works, the measured flow and sediment diversion ratio from 1960 to 2005 and a total of 31 topographic maps from 2004 to 2012 are collected in the Heishazhou waterway studies. A one-dimensional hydraulic model of HEC-RAS is used to calculate and analyze the flow diversion ratio of the Heishazhou southern waterway before and after regulation works. The geographic information system (GIS) and a digital elevation model (DEM) are used to calculate and analyze the changes in the area, volumes and location of the shoal of the Heishazhou southern waterway. The analysis results show that the shoal of the Heishazhou southern waterway was scoured from 2004 to 2009; and the shoal still keeps the characteristics of erosion and deposition after the impoundment of the Three Gorges hydroproject. The flow diversion ratio of the southern waterway during the low-water season is reduced by 1.5% and the shoal evolution trends toward deposition after completion of the regulation works. The research findings can be used as a reference for design and maintenance of the similar waterway works.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： a HEC-RAS model; a digital elevation model; flow and sediment diversion ratio; shoal evolution; regulation works
长江下游张南上浅区航道整治效果评价
刘涛
(长江航运规划研究中心， 湖北 武汉 430014）
摘要：张家洲南港上浅区是长江下游著名的浅险水道之一，实施航道整治工程前，水道枯水期航道条件恶劣，航道浅情和船舶事故频发，通航安全难以保证，航道建设、管理与维护难度大。介绍了张家洲水道基本情况和航道整治工程概况，分析了张家洲南港上浅区航道整治工程前后河势条件、航道条件的变化以及整治建筑物的稳定性，对工程方案、工程结构型式及工程实施综合效果进行了评价，总结了工程实施的经验，并对整治工程的后续维护与管理提出了建议。分析认为工程实施后，河势格局更趋稳定，南、北港汊道分流比变化不大，4 m线全线贯通，5 m线间断长度明显缩短，水深年际波动趋于稳定，通航条件明显改善，对下浅区的冲淤影响不大，整治建筑物总体保持稳定，达到了预期整治目标，完全能够满足4.5 m×200 m×1 050 m的航道设计标准。
关键词：水路运输； 航道整治； 浅滩； 效果评价； 张家洲南港
Waterway regulation works evaluation for Zhangjiazhou south
branch up-shoal area of the Changjiang River
LIU Tao
(Navigational Planning & Research Center of Changjiang River, Wuhan 430014, China）
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：The Zhangjiazhou waterway is one of the navigation hindering reaches of the downstream Changjiang River. Before the completion of the waterway regulation works, the channel was in a very bad condition during the dry season, and navigational accidents occurred frequently. It was difficult to ensure navigation safety because of having many difficults in waterway construction, management and maintenance. In this paper, the basic situations and regulation works are presented, and the changes in the river regime, waterway conditions and the stability of the regulation works before and after the completion of construction are analysed. Based on the summation of operation experiences from the regulation works, it is suggested that the ongoing management and maintenance must be done for the regulation works in the future. The practical operation of the regulation works shows that the river regime is more stable; the south and north branches have little changes in diversion ratio; the navigation conditions are significantly improved; all the channel has a depth of 4 m; and an interval length of the depth of 5 m is shortened greatly, therefore, the annual fluctuation of water depth tends to be stable. Having little effect on the scouring and deposition along the lower shallow area, the overall regulation works have achieved the expected remediation goals, and completely met the design standards of 4.5 m×200 m×1 050 m for the navigation channel.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： waterway transport; waterway regulation; shoal; effect evaluation; Zhangjiazhou south branch
某水利枢纽截流施工分析与对策
席浩1，2
（1. 西安理工大学， 陕西 西安 710048； 2. 中国水利水电第四工程局有限公司， 青海 西宁 810007）
摘要：某水利枢纽位于西江干流浔江下游河段，枢纽坝轴线跨两岛三江，分三期导流，三期中江截流截断中江天然河槽，江水通过外江泄洪闸下泄，截流标准为相应时段5年一遇平均流量，截流设计流量2 030 m3/s。实施截流时，由于外江上游围堰拆除不到位及船闸导航设施影响，外江实际分流能力远小于设计预期；又受到珠江补淡压咸调水控制流量不小于1 800 m3/s的限制，截流进占速度受限，截流历时延长；龙口河床2 m厚覆盖层全被冲刷，右侧裹头受淘刷，坡脚护脚钢筋铅丝笼全部坍塌，护坡钢筋铅丝笼裹头下沉，截流戗堤堤顶出现裂缝；进占缓慢使得中江下游河道退水明显，龙口下游水位低于设计下游水位2 m，龙口最终落差远大于设计值（达4.09 m），施工难度及风险加大。文章具体分析了截流难度增加的原因，梳理了应对措施，总结了最终成功截流的经验，为今后类似工程制定截流方案与实施提供借鉴。
关键词：水利枢纽； 龙口； 截流
Analysis of river closure construction difficulties for a hydroproject
XI Hao1，2
(1. Xi′an University of Technology, Xi′an 710048， China; 2. Sinohydro Engineering Bureau No.4 Co., Ltd., Xining 810007， China)
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： A hydroproject is located at the lower reaches of the Xunjiang River, the main stream of the Xijiang River system, of which the dam axis crosses two islands and three channels, with diversion in three phases, and three times of the river closure cutting off the natural channel in the river, and the river flow flowing through the outer river sluice. An average discharge of the return period of once in 5 years is taken as the discharge standard of the middle river closure at the third stage, the corresponding design discharge for river closure is 2 030 m3/s. When implementing river closure, because the removal of the outer river upstream cofferdam is not in place and there is a disturbance caused by the guide facilities for ship lock navigation, the actual river diversion capacity of the outer river is far smaller than the design expectations, but is also influenced by water transfer requirements of the Pearl River with supplementing freshwater to suppress salty water, and controlling the flow of not less than 1 800 m3/s. The advancing speed of the river closure is limited, and the river closure time lasts longer. 2 m-thick cover layer on the riverbed is washed away, the advancing front on the right side is scoured, the reinforcing cage for protecting slope toe is collapsed, the advancing front of the reinforcing cage goes down, and cracks on the berm top appear. Too slow river closure results in falling water in the downstream of the middle river, and the downstream of the closure gap water level is lower than the design downstream water level by 2 m. And the final fall along the closure gap is twice more than the design fall, reaching 4.09 m, and construction difficulties and risks are finally increasing. A detailed analysis of river closure difficulties is made in this paper, and the solution measures are presented. The summation of the experience of the ultimate success for the river closure can provide a reference for future similar projects in the planning and implementation of the river closure.
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ： hydroproject; closure gap engineering; river closure construction
